Secondary Facial Gender Surgery: Causes of Poor Outcomes and Strategies for Avoidance and Correction.

SUMMARY: Facial feminization surgery covers a broad spectrum of procedures across both hard and soft tissues. Despite the fact that this is a decidedly predictable surgery, because of the high demand for the procedures, a growing number of patients are requiring revision surgery, whether to correct unexpected results or to treat mid-term to long-term functional and aesthetic complications. This Special Topic article categorizes unsatisfactory outcomes encountered after forehead surgery, lower jaw surgery, and thyroid chondroplasty; key steps to avoid these pitfalls; and strategies for structured analysis and operative planning in revision cases.

Outcomes Following Autologous Fat Grafting in Patients with Sequelae of Head and Neck Cancer Treatment.

A single-center retrospective study was designed to assess the outcomes of autologous fat grafting for improving surgery- and radiotherapy-related sequelae in 40 patients with head and neck cancer. All patients underwent surgical resection of primary tumors and radiotherapy (50-70 Gy) and were followed over 12 months after fat grafting. Eligibility for fat grafting procedures included complete remission after at least 3 years of oncological treatment. The cervical and paramandibular regions were the most frequently treated areas. Injected fat volumes ranged between 7.5 and 120 mL (mean: 23 mL). Esthetic improvement was obtained in 77.5% of patients, being significant in 17.5%, and functional improvement in 89.2%, being significant in 29.7% of patients. Minor complications occurred in three patients. There was a high degree of satisfaction regarding esthetic improvement, global satisfaction, and 92.5% of patients would recommend the procedure. This study confirms the benefits of fat grafting as a volumetric correction reconstructive strategy with successful cosmetic and functional outcomes in patients suffering from sequelae after head and neck cancer treatment.

Shaping the Lower Jaw Border with Customized Cutting Guides: Development, Validation, and Application in Facial Gender-Affirming Surgery.

Importance: Three-dimensional planning software is not standardized in facial gender-affirming surgery. Objective: To develop and validate surgical planning software to create cutting guides to contour the lower jaw border. Design, Setting, and Participants: A 3-year prospective case series study done in three phases: software development, validation, and surgical guide application. Ethics committee approval was obtained to enroll the patients (Clinical Research Ethics Committee, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain). Main Outcomes and Measures: Validation phase: degree of agreement between the planned and obtained results, modification of cephalometric parameters, and surgical times. Application phase: surgical technique description, complications, and patient-reported outcome measures. Results: The degree of agreement between the planned and obtained results was inframillimetric (0.31 ± 0.70 mm). The guides reduced the mandible to within feminine parameters (p < 0.05). Surgical times decreased by 10.96% with chin ostectomies (p < 0.05) and 23.06% with lower jaw border (angle-to-angle) surgeries (p < 0.001). In the application phase, revision surgery was required for 11 patients out of 260 (4.23%). Conclusions and Relevance: The use of cutting guides on the lower jaw border is effective, helps reach standard feminine parameters, and decreases surgical times.

Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery: The Lower Jaw. Description of Surgical Techniques and Presentation of Results.

BACKGROUND: Of the primary procedures associated with facial gender confirmation surgery, those involving the mentomandibular complex have received the least attention in the literature. METHODS: The authors present their experience with 837 trans feminine patients operated on for facial gender confirmation surgery who underwent mandibular bone contouring procedures, including bone contouring, chin and mandibular body and angle ostectomies, and osteotomies to reposition the chin. The authors describe the surgical techniques and materials used, and present a customized lower border-supported cutting guide designed by their team and used with 205 patients. A femininity perception score was calculated preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively, and satisfaction with the results was measured 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up ranged from 12 to 110 months. The mean femininity perception score increased from 47.86 preoperatively to 76.41 at 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.001). No emergency surgical operations were required. In no case was there any permanent damage to the mental or inferior dental nerve. The reoperation percentage because of problems detected during the postoperative period was 2.63 percent (22 patients). CONCLUSIONS: With facial gender confirmation surgery of the jawline and chin, it is possible to modify the transverse and vertical components of the jaw; soften the gonial angles; change the format, bone volume, and position of the chin; and harmonize the entire mandibular line. The facial feminization achieved high satisfaction scores regarding the results and feminine gender appearance 12 months after surgery. The future of mandibular bone contouring techniques includes planning with virtual software and surgical support with patient-specific cutting guides.

Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery: A Protocol for Diagnosis, Surgical Planning, and Postoperative Management.

During the past 10 years, academic publications that address facial feminization surgery have largely examined the technical aspects of the different surgical procedures involved and clinical evaluations of postoperative results. This Special Topic article focuses on aspects that are underdeveloped to date but useful with regard to taking the correct therapeutic approach to transgender patients who are candidates for facial gender confirmation surgery. The authors propose a protocolized sequence, from the clinical evaluation to the postoperative period, based on a sample size of more than 1300 trans feminine patients, offering facial gender confirmation surgery specialists standardized guidelines to handle their patients' needs in a way that is both objective and reproducible.

The Upper Third in Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery: Forehead and Hairline.

The upper third of the face contains 2 features that are particularly important for facial gender recognition: the frontonasoorbital region and the hairline. The supraorbital ridge, which determines the position and exposure of the eyebrows, is almost invariably more developed in the male than in the female. Surgical modification of the frontonasoorbital complex, considered a standard procedure in facial feminization, is reliable and predictable, and also delivers satisfactory results that are stable over time.A prototypical male hairline has an M-shaped pattern compared to the more rounded shape often seen in female hairlines. Feminization of the hairline requires minimizing the temples as well as rounding out the overall shape, optimizing hair density, and occasionally changing the height of the hairline.This article provides an update on our forehead reconstruction technique and our experience in the treatment of hairline redefinition.

Fibroma osificante de seno etmoidal con invasión orbitaria: a propósito de un caso / Ossifying fibroma of the ethmoid sinus with orbital invasion: a case report

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¿Cuál es su diagnóstico? / What is your diagnosis?

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Manejo de la vía aérea en oncología de cabeza y cuello / Airway management in head and neck oncology

Introducción. El manejo de la vía aérea en cirugía de cabeza y cuello presenta varios retos tanto para el cirujano como para el anestesista. El empleo de la traqueostomía electiva es ampliamente usado pero continúan existiendo algunas controversias en la literatura al respecto. Material y métodos. Se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo analizando aspectos clínicos, indicaciones y complicaciones en 57 pacientes afectados de enfermedad oncológica de cabeza y cuello que requirieron la realización de una traqueostomía durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2011 y junio de 2012 en el servicio de cirugía oral y maxilofacial del Hospital Universitario Vall d́Hebron de Barcelona. Resultados. El grupo de pacientes que recibieron una reconstrucción microquirúgica fue el mayoritario que requirió una traqueostomía (40,35%). La tasa de complicaciones asociada con la técnica fue del 22,8%, de las cuales el 7% fueron consideradas mayores y 5,8% menores. La tasa de complicaciones asociadas con los cuidados de la cánula fue del 15,8%. Conclusiones. La traqueostomía es un método simple y efectivo para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil en pacientes oncológicos de cabeza y cuello asociada a una baja tasa de complicaciones (AU)

Background. Airway management in head and neck surgery presents several challenges to the surgeon and the anaesthesist. The use of elective tracheostomy is widely used, but there is still some controversy in the literature. Methods. A prospective study analyzing clinical aspects, indications and complications of 57 head and neck patients who underwent tracheostomy was performed from January 2011 to June 2012 in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Vall D́Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. Results. Microvascular reconstruction patients were the most frequent group in which tracheostomy was performed (40.35%). The complications rate associated with the technique was of 22.8%, of which only 7% were considered major, and 5.8% minor. The complication rate in relation to cannula care was 15.8%. Conclusions. We conclude that tracheostomy is a simple and effective method for airway management in head and neck patients, with a low complication rate (AU)

Abordaje subfrontal para el tratamiento de un estesioneuroblastoma / Sub-frontal approach in the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma

El estesioneuroblastoma es un tumor maligno de la mucosa olfatoria localizado en el tracto nasosinusal con un manejo controvertido debido a su baja incidencia y a su origen desconocido. La resección craneofacial, empleando un abordaje subfrontal, es uno de los abordajes de elección para el tratamiento de esta compleja entidad. Describimos un caso tratado en nuestra institución que fue resuelto favorablemente con este procedimiento, así como una revisión exhaustiva de la bibliografía con respecto a este tipo de tumor y a las ventajas de este abordaje (AU)

Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the olfactory mucosa located in the sinonasal tract with a controversial management due to its low incidence and unknown origin. Craniofacial resection using a subfrontal approach is one of the techniques of choice for treating this complex entity. We describe a case treated in our institution that responded favorably to this procedure, as well as a thorough review of the literature regarding this type of tumor and the advantages of the approach (AU)

Locally destructive mandibular pseudotumor as a manifestation of immunoglobulin G4-related disease.

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease is a recently identified entity. The cervicofacial location is not frequent. We report the case of a patient with an inflammatory pseudotumor in the mandible, who had to undergo surgery for diagnosis. We review the clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and treatment proposed by recent publications in the literature. This case report represents the first case located in the mandible and the second one with bone destruction.

Metástasis parotídea de un carcinoma renal: A propósito de un caso / Parotid metastasis of renal carcinoma: a case report

En la literatura indexada, solo se han descrito 29 pacientes desde 1986. La aparición de metástasis de un carcinoma renal a nivel parotídeo es un fenómeno poco frecuente. Presentamos un paciente de 61 años, que tras cinco años de la realización de una nefrectomía unilateral por un carcinoma renal de células claras, desarrolló una metástasis de localización parotídea(AU)

Metastastic spread of renal cell carcinoma to the parotid gland is rare. In the indexed literature, with only 29 patients recorded since 1986. The case of a 61-year-old patient who developed parotid metastasis of renal cell carcinoma five years after unilateral nephrectomy is reported(AU)

Sarcomas mandibulares: experiencia quirúrgica en los últimos 10 años / Mandibular sarcomas: surgical experience over the past 10 years

Introducción: Los sarcomas mandibulares representan una entidad de difícil estudio por su escasa incidencia e histopatología. Pacientes y métodos: Presentamos la experiencia del servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial del Hospital Vall d’Hebron de Barcelona en los últimos 10 años (2001-2010) en el manejo de los sarcomas mandibulares, realizando una revisión retrospectiva de 12 casos de pacientes afectos por este tipo de tumor. Resultados: La técnica más utilizada para la reconstrucción fue el colgajo microvascularizado (hueso peroné: 8/12), recibiendo tratamiento adyuvante (quimioterapia y/o radioterapia) el 82% de los pacientes. Cinco pacientes fallecieron (42%), 2 se encuentran con progresión de la enfermedad (16%) y 5 sobreviven libres de enfermedad (42%) hasta la finalización del seguimiento. Conclusiones: Los casos descritos representan una serie singular debido a la localización mandibular, no antes publicadas en la literatura. Aún así, los resultados obtenidos en términos de supervivencia y factores pronóstico son similares a los descritos para los sarcomas de cabeza y cuello. La consecución de márgenes libres con la cirugía es la clave del tratamiento, siendo necesario el tratamiento complementario para mejorar el pronóstico(AU)

Introduction: Sarcomas located in the mandible are difficult to study due to their relatively rare appearance and histology. Patients and Methods: We present the experience of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the Vall d’Hebron Hospital in Barcelona over the last 10 years (2001-2010) in the management of jaw sarcomas, performing a retrospective review of 12 cases of patients affected by this type of tumour. Results: The technique mostly used for the reconstruction was the microvascularised bone graft (fibula: 8/12), with 82% of the patients receiving adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Five of the patients died (42%), twowere found with disease progression (16%), and 5 survived free of disease (42%) until the end of follow-up. Conclusions: The cases described are a unique series due to the mandibular location. Prognostic factors and survival rates are similar to those described for head and neck sarcomas. Free margin during surgery must be the goal of treatment, additional chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both being required to improve the survival rates(AU)

Lipoma cervical gigante: a propósito de un caso / Giant cervical lipoma: a case report

Los lipomas son los tumores mesenquimales más frecuentes. La aparición de lipomas gigantes a nivel cervical es infrecuente. Es necesaria la realización de pruebas de imagen para una correcta localización anatómica y establecer relaciones con las estructuras vecinas. El tratamiento de elección es la escisión quirúrgica de la masa. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 59 años que presenta una tumoración gigante cervical de 10 años de evolución. La planificación prequirúrgica en este tipo de casos debe ser exquisita para garantizar la conservación tanto de la función como de la estética cervicofacial(AU)

Lipomas are the most common mesenchymal tumors, although giant lipomas of the neck region are uncommon. Imaging is needed to correctly identify the anatomic location of the tumor and its relation to surrounding structures. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. The case of a 59-year-old man with a giant neck tumor of 10 years evolution is reviewed. Meticulous preoperative planning is required in these cases to ensure a cosmetically and functionally acceptable cervicofacial outcome(AU)

Complicaciones quirúrgicas de la cirugía ortognática: presentación de tres casos y revisión de la literatura / Complications in orthognathic surgery: A presentation of three cases and a review of the literature

La corrección de las deformidades dentofaciales mediante osteotomías de los huesos faciales se conoce comúnmente como cirugía ortognática. Las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas con más frecuencia son la osteotomía de LeFort I en el maxilar y la osteotomía sagital en la mandíbula. Estas técnicas están altamente protocolizadas y permiten obtener resultados predecibles y estables en el tiempo. El índice de complicaciones quirúrgicas es bajo, entre el 1-25% y varía según las series en función de lo que se defina como complicación. Objetivos. Revisión bibliográfica de las complicaciones descritas de las osteotomías correctoras de las deformidades dentofaciales y presentación de tres casos con su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Material y método. Se presentan tres casos de complicación en nuestro servicio: dos osteotomías inadecuadas («bad split») en la ostetotomía sagital mandibular y una necrosis aséptica del maxilar tras osteotomía LeFort I. Resultados. Se presentan dos alternativas a la corrección del bad split mandibular, mediante tornillos bicorticales y mediante placa reforzada con tornillos roscados a placa. En la necrosis aséptica del maxilar se presentan los signos clínicos y pruebas diagnósticas empleadas en el caso presentado, el tratamiento inicial y finalmente de las secuelas. Conclusiones. La corrección quirúrgica de las deformidades dentofaciales mediante técnicas de cirugía ortognática es un tratamiento seguro con resultados predecibles. Pese al desarrollo de nuevos materiales y técnicas ningún procedimiento quirúrgico está exento de complicaciones. Es responsabilidad del cirujano evaluar los riesgos en cada caso, informar al paciente y diagnosticar y tratar las complicaciones con la mayor diligencia y eficacia(AU)

The correction of dental-facial deformities by means of osteotomies of the facial bones is commonly known as orthognathic surgery. The most common surgical techniques employed are the LeFort 1 maxillary osteotomy, and sagittal mandibular osteotomy. These techniques are highly standardised and ensure predictable and stable results over time. The surgical complications rate is low, between 1% and 25%, and varies depending on how a complication is defined. Objectives. To present a literature review of the complications reported in corrective osteotomies of dental-facial deformities, and a description of the diagnosis and treatment of three cases. Material and method. Three cases with a complication are presented: two inadequate osteotomies ("bad split") in the sagittal mandibular osteotomy and one maxillary aseptic necrosis after a LeFort 1 maxillary osteotomy. Results. Two alternatives for correcting the mandibular bad split are presented, using bicortical screws and using a reinforced plate with screws threaded to the plate. In the maxillary aseptic necrosis, the clinical signs, the diagnostic tests used, the initial treatment, and finally the sequelae of this case are presented. Conclusions. The surgical correction of dental-facial deformities using orthognathic surgery is a safe treatment with predictable results. Despite the development of new materials and techniques, no surgical procedure is complication free. It is the responsibility of the surgeon to assess the risks of each case, to inform the patient and diagnose and treat the complications with the greatest diligence and efficacy(AU)

Pansinusitis y afectación intracraneal por implante dental / Pansinusitis and intracranial impact of a dental implant

Las sinusitis odontógenas son una patología relativamente frecuente causada por infecciones dentales, quistes periapicales así como tras procedimientos bucodentales como una endodoncia, una elevación sinusal o la colocación de un implante. A continuación se presenta un caso extremo de una pansinusitis derecha con fistulización a espacio epidural causada por un implante osteointegrado. Ante la sospecha de una sinusitis maxilar de origen odontogénico se debe iniciar rápidamente un tratamiento antibiótico correcto y un seguimiento estrecho ya que pueden tener consecuencias fatales como la pérdida de un ojo, abscesos cerebrales o incluso la muerte(AU)

Odontogenic sinusitis is a relatively common disease caused by dental infections, periapical cysts and oral procedures such as root canal, sinus lift or implant placement. We report an extreme case of a right pansinusitis with an epidural space fistula caused by osseointegrated implants. When maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin is suspected, we should quickly start effective antibiotic treatment and monitor the patient closely because odontogenic sinusitis can have serious consequences, such as the loss of an eye, brain abscess or death(AU)

Abordaje transmandibular con extensión preauricular para el tratamiento de tumores del espacio parafaríngeo con expansión a base de cráneo / Transmandibular approach with preauricular extension for the treatment of parapharyngeal space tumours with skull base growth

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